An officer ranking "next after lieutenant" would have status junior to all naval lieutenants or army captains, but senior to all masters or first lieutenants. The relative ranks "next after lieutenant" and "next after master" were a result of aligning medical officer grades with line officer ranks in 1841, while keeping the highest relative rank for a surgeon at the level of commander, or major in the army. As surgeons, paymasters (supply officers) and engineers attained years and decades of service, they were bothered that they did not get recognition similar to that of line officers or of their counterparts in the army. The navy's "staff" or "civil" officers also had complaints: Their status was not established by regulation until the 1840s and by law in the 1850s, and then with "relative rank," so a surgeon would have a position and status corresponding to a lieutenant, but would not hold an actual lieutenant's rank, and would have no command authority. In October 1861, President Lincoln issued an executive order that flag officers would rank with major generals. In 1857 Congress authorized the temporary rank of "flag officer" for captains commanding a squadron. Though both army and navy regulations gave senior captains precedence equal to major generals or brigadier generals, in practice this was not always recognized. Legislation to that effect had been proposed several times, but never successfully. Naval officers had complained for decades about the lack of higher grades, flag officer ranks that would equate to general officers in the army. These changes are outlined month by month in the table below. A number of wartime developments realigned the equivalence of army and navy officer ranks, and the ranks of staff corps officers within the navy. Navy that had gone unaddressed in peacetime. The conflict of the Civil War brought about changes to the officer ranks of the U.S. Army and Navy Officer Ranks During the Civil War Uniforms & Insignia | Ranks & Organization | Misc.
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